People Molecules Peptides Biomarkers Studies Stem Cells Editorial Methodology

Encyclopedia

Everything worth knowing about longevity, in one place.

Short, evidence-first entries on the molecules, mechanisms, biomarkers, interventions, and people that shape the field. 1000 entries and growing. Every claim carries an evidence tier. Every entry links to external deep reads for when short isn't enough.

Molecules

43 entries

Compounds studied for their effect on aging biology, from familiar vitamins to investigational drugs.

Molecule
17-alpha-Estradiol
A weakly estrogenic isomer of the hormone estradiol that extends median lifespan in male mice by 12-19% without the…
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Molecule
Acarbose
A 40-year-old diabetes pill that blunts blood sugar spikes after meals and extends mouse lifespan more than almost…
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Molecule
Alpha-Ketoglutarate
A Krebs cycle metabolite that extends mouse lifespan in a Buck Institute study, and the base ingredient of a supplement…
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Molecule
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
A sulfur-containing cofactor your mitochondria already make. Supplementing it treats diabetic nerve pain and, rarely,…
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Molecule
Apigenin
A flavonoid found in chamomile, parsley, and celery, and the compound usually credited for chamomile tea's calming…
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Molecule
Ashwagandha
A root used in Ayurvedic medicine for centuries. Modern RCTs show it can lower cortisol and raise DHEA-S and…
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Peptides

47 entries

Some peptides are medicines. Others are still being tested. Start with the basics, then explore the evidence for each one.

Peptide
5-Amino-1MQ
A small-molecule NNMT inhibitor (not actually a peptide) popular in biohacking for muscle preservation. Zero human…
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Peptide
AOD-9604 (hGH Fragment 176-191)
A synthetic fragment of human growth hormone marketed for fat loss. Phase 2b failed and the program was abandoned.…
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Peptide
BPC-157
A 15-amino-acid fragment derived from a protein found in gastric juice. Heavy animal-model evidence for tendon and gut…
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Peptide
CJC-1295
A GHRH analog engineered for a long half-life. Widely used in anti-aging clinics as a growth-hormone secretagogue. Died…
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Peptide
CagriSema (cagrilintide + semaglutide)
Novo Nordisk's dual amylin/GLP-1 co-formulation. Phase 3 showed 23% weight loss but failed to beat tirzepatide…
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Peptide
Cardiogen
The heart-targeted member of the Khavinson short peptide family. Cell culture and animal reports describe protective…
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Peptide Stacks

6 entries

Common commercial and community peptide combinations, their evidence base, risks, and what to watch for as a consumer.

Peptide Stack
BPC-157 + GLP-1 (Semaglutide/Tirzepatide)
The most-searched GLP-1 adjunct stack of 2026: BPC-157 to reduce GLP-1 gastrointestinal side effects. Pharmacologically…
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Peptide Stack
CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin (GH Secretagogue Stack)
The most popular growth-hormone secretagogue pairing, combining GHRH and ghrelin-receptor agonism. Zero dedicated human…
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Peptide Stack
GLOW Stack (GHK-Cu + BPC-157 + TB-500)
Aesthetic-leaning upgrade to the Wolverine Stack, adding GHK-Cu for skin and collagen. Three-peptide blend with zero…
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Peptide Stack
KLOW Stack (GHK-Cu + KPV + BPC-157 + TB-500)
Four-peptide stack adding KPV to the GLOW formula. Highest cumulative immunogenic burden of common stacks, with zero…
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Peptide Stack
Retatrutide + MOTS-c + Tesamorelin (Recomposition Stack)
A community 'recomposition' stack combining triple-agonist weight loss with mitochondrial and GH-axis support.…
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Peptide Stack
Wolverine Stack (BPC-157 + TB-500)
The most popular healing peptide combination: BPC-157 and TB-500 in a single vial, marketed for injury recovery and gut…
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Mechanisms

27 entries

Biological pathways and processes that shape how we age, and which longevity interventions target.

Mechanism
AGE Formation (Advanced Glycation End-products)
Glucose reacts non-enzymatically with long-lived proteins such as collagen, creating cross-linked adducts that stiffen…
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Mechanism
AMPK Activation
AMP-activated protein kinase senses low cellular energy and switches on catabolic, autophagy-promoting programs;…
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Mechanism
Altered Intercellular Communication
Aging shifts how cells signal to each other, through hormones, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP),…
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Mechanism
Autophagy
Autophagy is the cell's recycling system for damaged proteins and organelles, and its decline with age is one of the…
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Mechanism
Cellular Bioenergetics (ATP Production Capacity)
How much ATP each mitochondrion actually makes, measured by 31P-MRS and respirometry, which falls with age faster than…
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Mechanism
DNA Damage Response and Genomic Instability
DNA sustains tens of thousands of damaging events per cell per day, and the repair machinery that fixes it becomes less…
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Biomarkers

38 entries

Measurable indicators of biological age, health span, and metabolic status.

Biomarker
25-Hydroxyvitamin D (Vitamin D Status)
The standard blood test for vitamin D status; correcting deficiency matters for bone health, but large RCTs have not…
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Biomarker
8-OHdG (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine)
An oxidised DNA base excreted in urine; the most widely used quantitative marker of oxidative damage to DNA.
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Biomarker
Alpha-Klotho (Circulating)
Serum concentration of the soluble anti-aging protein alpha-Klotho, which falls with age and predicts all-cause…
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Biomarker
Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)
The structural protein on every atherogenic lipoprotein particle, directly counting cardiovascular risk-carrying…
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Biomarker
Body Composition (Fat Mass, Lean Mass, Visceral Fat)
The muscle-to-fat and fat-distribution profile of the body, where the combination of low muscle mass and high visceral…
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Biomarker
CD4/CD8 T-Cell Ratio
The ratio of helper to cytotoxic T cells in peripheral blood; inversion below 1.0 marks immunosenescence and tracked…
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Interventions

33 entries

Behavioral, dietary, and clinical practices with meaningful evidence for aging outcomes.

Intervention
Blood Donation
Regular blood donation's proposed cardiovascular benefit from iron reduction was not confirmed in the largest direct…
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Intervention
Blue Zone Lifestyle
Lifestyle bundle drawn from regions claiming unusually high centenarian rates, now contested by a peer-reviewed…
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Intervention
Blueprint Micro-Experiments: A Catalogue of Bryan Johnson's Self-Trials
A dated, sourced inventory of the specific self-experiments inside Bryan Johnson's Blueprint protocol, including the…
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Intervention
Blueprint Protocol
Bryan Johnson's self-directed, commercially sold aging-reduction regimen, combining diet, exercise, sleep discipline,…
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Intervention
Caloric Restriction
Sustained reduction in calorie intake without malnutrition, the most studied longevity intervention in animals and the…
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Intervention
Cold Exposure
Cold water immersion and cold air exposure reliably activate brown fat and raise short-term energy expenditure, but no…
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People

23 entries

Researchers, clinicians, and critics whose work shapes the longevity conversation. Positions summarized here are their views, not ours.

Person
Andrew Huberman
Stanford neurobiology professor who hosts the Huberman Lab podcast and is paid roughly $2 million a year by supplement…
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Person
Bill Gifford
Journalist who wrote Spring Chicken: Stay Young Forever (or Die Trying) in 2015 and later co-authored Peter Attia's…
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Person
Bryan Johnson
Founder of Project Blueprint, running the most heavily instrumented single-person aging protocol on public record.
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Person
Charles Brenner
Biochemist who discovered the vitamin activity of nicotinamide riboside in 2004 and has served as Chief Scientific…
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Person
Cynthia Kenyon
Vice President of Aging Research at Calico, Alphabet's longevity research subsidiary, who discovered in 1993 that a…
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Person
David Sinclair
Harvard Medical School geneticist who co-founded MetroBiotech, sits on its scientific advisory board, and has publicly…
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Studies

730 entries

Individual research papers, preprints, and n=1 self-experiments cited across the encyclopedia. Filter by tier, design and year.

StudyT3
Aerobic exercise training modalities: a scoping review of study designs
Wu et al. 2026Read →
StudyT2
Responsiveness of epigenetic aging biomarkers to longevity interventions in humans
Sehgal R, Borrus D, Armstrong JF, Gonzalez J, Kasamoto J, Markov Y, Priyanka A, Smith R, Carreras-Gallo N, Lasky-Su J, Dwaraka VB, Corley MJ, Higgins-Chen A 2026Read →
StudyT2
Plasma glycine decelerates biological aging via the redox-inflammatory axis: A large-sc...
Xu H, Pan S, Qi H, Liu X, Geng G, Qi X, Wei W, Li Y, Wang X 2026Read →
StudyT2
The longevity gene APOE2 enhances pericyte function and reduces lipid droplets
Rais Reskiawan A Kadir, Joanna Bons, Genesis Vega Hormazabal, Prasanna Vadhana Ashok Kumaar, Cristian Gerónimo-Olvera, Kizito-Tshitoko Tshilenge, Philippe Pihán, Carlos Galicia Aguirre, Kevin Schneider, Andrea Roberts 2026Read →
StudyT4
Metformin Enhances Antioxidant Defenses and Limits Lipid Peroxidation Through the Modul...
Jorge Arriagada, Matías Lantadilla, Pedro Lobos, Adolfo A. Paz, Emilio A. Herrera, Pablo Muñoz, Andrea Paula-Lima 2026Read →
StudyT2
Aspirin and healthy longevity within racial and ethnic minoritized older adults in the ...
George Tzimas, Joseph C Vanghelof, Aseel Mohammed, Daniela Stan Raicu, Lianlian Du, Michael E Ernst, Erica T Warner, Andrew T Chan, Joanne C Ryan, Sara Elyse Espinoza, Anne Murray, Kerry Sheets, Roselyne B Tchoua, Raj C Shah 2026Read →
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Stem Cells

24 entries

Cell types, regenerative therapies, regulatory status, and disease-by-disease evidence for stem cell medicine, from FDA-approved bone marrow transplants to unproven clinic infusions.

Stem Cell Topic
Athletes and Stem Cells: Documented vs Anecdote
Five famous athlete stem cell stories get repeated as proof stem cells work. The primary sources show a range from…
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Stem Cell Topic
EMA Regulation of Stem Cell Therapies
The EU treats stem cell products as Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products; only Holoclar remains fully approved after…
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Stem Cell Topic
Embryonic Stem Cells (ESC)
Pluripotent cells taken from early-stage embryos remain the most flexible stem cell type in research but the most…
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Stem Cell Topic
Exosomes vs Stem Cells: What's the Difference
Exosomes are cell-free nanoparticles, not living stem cells, but the FDA says clinics market them the same way, and…
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Stem Cell Topic
Exosomes: Therapy, Longevity, and Regulatory Status
Cell-to-cell messengers that carry proteins and RNA between cells. Young and stem-cell-derived exosomes rejuvenate old…
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Stem Cell Topic
FDA Regulation of Stem Cell Therapies
The FDA has fully licensed roughly 43 cell and gene therapy products, almost none of them stem cell products beyond…
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Protocols

29 entries

Personal and editorial longevity regimens — Blueprint by Bryan Johnson, FoundMyFitness by Rhonda Patrick, celebrity stacks, and self-experiments. These are individual protocols, not peer-reviewed research.

Protocol
Blueprint Biomarkers platform
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Protocol
Blueprint Protocol overview
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Protocol
Blueprint Speed of Aging biomarker report
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Protocol
Blueprint protocol page: acarbose frequency update
PROTOCOL CHANGE: the current page now lists acarbose 200 mg twice daily, adding a frequency detail to the prescription…
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Protocol
Blueprint protocol page: sleep timing and hair regimen changes
PROTOCOL CHANGE: the page now sets a 2-hour minimum between the last meal and bed, with 4- and 6-hour tests; hair…
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Protocol
Bryan Johnson ApoB and LDL result summary
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Daily practice

Tip of the day

A new evidence-linked longevity tip every day. 140 tips in rotation. See the full archive.