Social isolation, loneliness, living alone, and mortality risk: updated meta-analysis

Researchers combined results from 90 long-term studies involving about 2.2 million adults. They compared death rates among people who were socially isolated, felt lonely, or lived alone. Social isolation, meaning few social contacts or little interaction, was linked to a 32% higher risk of death. Loneliness was linked to a 14% higher risk, and living alone to a 12% higher risk. These studies found links, but they cannot prove that isolation or loneliness directly caused the deaths.

What this means for you: Regular contact with other people may be good for health, but this research does not identify a guaranteed fix or prove that living alone is harmful. Focus on meaningful connection and seek support if isolation or loneliness is affecting you, rather than buying a specific product.